Understanding the political-administrative structure that came out of the steppes of Mongolia in the thirteenth century and ruled over half the civilized world of its time has always occupied the minds of historians. From the beginning, the Mongols put their plans on the establishment of the government and its continuation, and for this purpose they created their own administrative system, albeit adapted from the government experiences of other more civilized nations. One of the practical systems used by the Mongols to maintain and expand their control over the conquered lands was the Tamma, which can be found in the early Mongol period, in Iran, Russia, and in the Golden Herd. This paper attempts to study the nature and function of the Tamma in Iran with a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on Persian sources and a critical view of previous researches. The findings of the study suggests that, despite the conformity of this structure with Iranian bureaucratic traditions that greatly facilitated the work of the Iranian and the Mongol bureaucrats, the different background of bureaucracy and the particular situation of Iran led to major difference in the functioning, overall life and fate of the Tamma in Iran, compared to other parts of

Energy quality is a very important criterion, which affects the economic growth of that country. In this study, a real-life case study Natural Gas Liquids plant 800, from National Iranian South Oil Company located in the southwest of Iran was considered by conventional exergy analysis, advanced exergy analysis, combined pinch and exergy analysis, and combined pinch and advanced exergy analysis methods. The results of conventional exergy analysis illustrate that the highest amount of exergy destruction belongs to compressors and heat exchangers with 510 and 629 kW respectively. The advanced exergy analysis suggested that the exergy destruction of the heat exchanger and compressor and will reduce by modifying the performance of these components. However, according to this analysis, for (E-101) heat exchanger despite having the highest rate of exergy destruction, is not in the priority of modification due to its low level of avoidable exergy destruction. Also, the avoidable, endogenous part of exergy destruction of the compressor (K103) and heat exchanger (E-102) will reduce by improving the performance of these components. In the following, and by using the combined Pinch and advanced exergy analysis diagram, it was possible to display simultaneously the energy consumptions rate and the unavoidable exergy destruction of the heat exchanging network. According to this graphical analysis, the plant's minimum hot and cold required utilities are equal to 411 and 10,211 kW, respectively for ΔTmin of 10.645 °C. And heat exchanger E-102 has more priorities of improvement compared to other heat exchangers.

With the exponential growth in data volume, especially in recent decades, the demand for data processing has surged across all scientific fields. Within astronomical datasets, the combination of solar space missions and ground-based telescopes has yielded high spatial and temporal resolutions for observing the Sun, thus fueling an increase in the utilization of automatic image processing approaches. Image processing methodologies play a pivotal role in analyzing solar data, a critical component in comprehending the Sun's behavior and its influence on Earth. This paper provides an overview of the utilization of diverse processing techniques applied to images captured from the solar photosphere. The introduction of our manuscript furnishes a description of the solar photosphere along with its primary characteristics. Subsequently, we endeavor to outline the significance of preprocessing photospheric images, a crucial prerequisite before engaging in any form of analysis. The subsequent section delves into an examination of numerous reputable sources that have employed image processing methodologies in their research pertaining to the Sun's surface. This section also encompasses discussions concerning recent advancements in image processing techniques for solar data analysis and their potential implications for future solar research. The final section deliberates on post-processing procedures as supplementary steps that are essential for deriving meaningful results from raw data. Effectively, this paper imparts vital information, offering concise explanations regarding the Sun's surface, the application of image processing techniques to various types of photospheric images, indispensable image preprocessing stages, and post-processing procedures aimed at transforming raw data into coherent and comprehensive insights.

Aims Determining bioavailability fraction of the elements in sediments is an important topic in toxicology. Considering the specific conditions of the Persian Gulf and the impact of pollutants, the aim of the present study was to evaluation of toxic elements bioavailability from the total amount of surface sediments in the Persian Gulf. Materials & Methods In the present study, the total concentration and bioavailability fraction of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and chromium were measured at 14 coastal stations of Hormozgan province and Qeshm island. Nitric acid and perchloric acid were used to measuring the total concentration and K protease enzyme solution was used to measuring the bioavailable fraction. Findings Zinc and chromium have the highest mean of total concentration, respectively. Qeshm island has more pollution than Hormozgan. The higher bioavailability and higher percentage of components were observed in lead and chromium than the other elements. With increasing concentrations of lead, chromium, and copper, the bioavailability of these elements also increased. As well as, zinc and nickel showed the lowest bioavailability. The concentration of copper, lead, and nickel was also higher than the sediments world average and the WHO / US EPA maximum, and the nickel concentration was above the ERM, PEL, and SEL. Conclusion Due to the low accuracy of determining the total concentration of metals in sediment toxicity for aquatics and the need to pay attention to bioavailability fraction, the probability of ecological risk of lead and chromium elements is higher than the other elements for aquatics of Persian Gulf. Zinc and nickel, have the lowest risk to the environment despite the high total concentration.

Background and Aim Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder and auto-immune disease that is associated with symptoms of fluctuating muscle fatigue and dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction system. This disease greatly affects various aspects of the patient's life and impacts the person's perception of the quality of life. The aim of this study was to explain and analyze life experiences with myasthenia gravis disease in a young girl. Methods & Materials This report is a qualitative case with interpretive phenomenological approach that examines the life experiences of a young girl with myasthenia gravis in 2019. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Van Manen's phenomenological approach. Ethical Considerations This study was registered in the Research Ethics Committee of Khatam University (Code: 3299/100/P/98). Results Thematic analysis indicated that myasthenia gravis disease affects all aspects of person's life world. These four aspects include living and feelings with time, body, space, and others. Eventually, three interrelated themes emerged from the patient's perception of the world around her, including physical weakness, future ambiguity, and frustration. Conclusion The present study shows a clear image and understanding of the problems of living with MG in a young girl. The phenomenological world of mixed by physical weakness, ambiguity in the future, and frustration that indicating the suffering and distress that the patient experiences following the illness. The results of this study contribute to the awareness of health and rehabilitation specialists in the field of work and research in myasthenia gravis as a neurological disease.

According to the standard No.2800, as well as most of the seismic hazard documents and analyses, Ahvaz city is reported as a region with moderate seismic hazard. These documents and information do not match with the fault condition of the region. In this paper, a "comprehensive study" of the seismicity of the Ahvaz region is presented in the field of deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Based on the results of this study, it seems that a fundamental review of the seismic hazard of Ahvaz is necessary. The earthquake risk analysis determines the maximum acceleration above g0.7 for an unspecified period of time and the possible risk analysis gives the maximum acceleration 0.16 g to 0.29 g for a planned earthquake and 0.33 g to 0.61g for a severe earthquake. In this way, it is suggested to include the city of Ahvaz among the cities with high seismic hazard to ensure the safety of the citizens. This study has opened a parenthesis in the field of earthquake risk in Ahvaz city and the "comprehensive study" statement is incomplete due to the lack of necessary geological information. In order to reach more reliable results and close this parenthesis in terms of financial issues, it is strongly recommended that in this field, more detailed geological and geophysical research focusing on detailed methods of paleoseismology with emphasis on accurate determination the specification of Ahvaz fault should be made.